During enzymatic reactions, zinc may have either a direct catalytic role or a structural role (i.e., stabilizing the structure of catalytic enzymes see below). Zinc-dependent enzymes can be found in all six classes of enzymes (8), as defined by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (9). Over 50 different enzymes depend on zinc for their ability to catalyze vital chemical reactions (7). At the cellular level, the function of zinc can be divided into three categories: (1) catalytic, (2) structural, and (3) regulatory (6). Using data mining approaches, it has been estimated that over 3,000 proteins in humans have functional zinc-binding sites (5). Zinc plays important roles in growth and development, immune function, neurotransmission, vision, reproduction, and intestinal ion transport (4). Numerous aspects of cellular metabolism are zinc-dependent. Since then, zinc insufficiency has been recognized by a number of experts as an important public health issue, especially in low-resource countries (2, 3). Clinical zinc deficiency in humans was first described in 1961, when the consumption of diets with low zinc bioavailability due to high phytate content (see Food sources) was associated with "adolescent nutritional dwarfism" in the Middle East (1).
Zinc is an essential trace element for all forms of life. Zinc bioavailability is relatively high in meat, eggs, and seafood zinc is less bioavailable from whole grains and legumes due to their high content in phytate that inhibits zinc absorption. (More information)Ĭurrent evidence suggests that supplemental zinc may be useful in the management of chronic conditions, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetes mellitus, Wilson’s disease, and HIV/ AIDS. The use of zinc at daily doses of 50 to 180 mg for one to two weeks has not resulted in serious side effects. Supplementation with doses of zinc in excess of the UL is effective to reduce the duration of common cold symptoms.(More information)ĭietary zinc deficiency has been associated with impaired growth and development in children, pregnancy complications, and immune dysfunction with increased susceptibility to infections. Long-term consumption of zinc in excess of the tolerable upper intake level ( UL 40 mg/day for adults) can result in copper deficiency. The recommended dietary allowance ( RDA) for adult men and women is 11 mg/day and 8 mg/day of zinc, respectively. Consumption of diets high in phytate and lacking foods from animal origin drive zinc deficiency in these populations. (More information)ĭietary zinc deficiency is quite common in the developing world, affecting an estimated 2 billion people. Acquired zinc deficiency is primarily due to malabsorption syndromes and chronic alcoholism.
Severe zinc deficiency is rare and caused by an inherited condition called acrodermatitis enteropathica. Zinc is a nutritionally essential mineral needed for catalytic, structural, and regulatory functions in the body.
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Healthcare Professional Continuing Education.Chlorophyll and Metallo-Chlorophyll Derivatives.
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